病毒学:“泄漏”疫苗问题

该文章发表于2015年,当时病毒学家的目光聚焦在埃博拉、艾滋病、疟疾和禽流感。
而现在,全球都在EUA(授权紧急使用)的名义下使用不完美的新冠疫苗。
未来会怎么样呢?

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对鸡的广泛实验产生了证据来支持有争议的理论,即一些疫苗会导致毒性更强的病毒株的进化。这项在伯克希尔皮布赖特研究所现场进行的研究发现,随着时间的推移,为家禽接种由疱疹病毒引起的Marek病疫苗使感染越来越致命。

研究人员表示,发表在PLOS生物学杂志上的这一发现不应被曲解,为反疫苗活动家提供弹药。参与这项研究的宾夕法尼亚州立大学生物学教授安德鲁·里德表示,目前针对脊髓灰质炎、腮腺炎、风疹和麻疹等人类疾病的疫苗“是我们有史以来最便宜、最有效的公共卫生干预措施”。

科学家区分了这些“完美疫苗”和“泄漏疫苗”,前者可以阻止个人生病,同时防止感染传播给他人,例如针对鸡中Marek’s疾病的疫苗,后者可以预防疾病,但不预防病毒传播。

但他们对正在开发的一些可能产生进化后果的新人类疫苗表示谨慎,就像Marek的疫苗在家禽中所做的那样。Read说:“未来的挑战是确定其他疫苗,这些疫苗也可能让病毒的毒性更强存活下来,并可能变得更加有害。”

生态理论表明,剧毒病原体往往在自然界中进化,使其不那么致命,因此它们不会在有时间传播之前杀死所有潜在的宿主。泄漏的疫苗消除了这种压力,使其毒性降低:当病原体在接种疫苗的宿主之间传播时,它可以在不杀死它们的情况下获得毒性——这对它遇到的任何未接种疫苗的个人都会造成严重后果。

Pirbright研究团队负责人Venugopal Nair说:“在我们对接种疫苗和未接种疫苗的鸡群中对泄漏的Marek病病毒的测试中,未接种疫苗的死亡,而接种疫苗的幸存下来,并将病毒传播给与他们接触的其他鸟类。”“我们的研究表明,使用泄漏疫苗可以促进更讨厌的‘热’病毒株的进化,使未接种疫苗的个体面临更大的风险。”

在过去的50年里,Marek的疾病在驯养家禽群中变得越来越严重,今天,它有时在10天内杀死了几乎所有未接种疫苗的鸟类。研究人员没有历史数据来证明疫苗接种提高了致死性,尽管他们的研究表明疫苗接种发挥了作用。

Read说:“尽管Marek的疾病病毒现在比1950年代严重得多,但它变得越来越罕见,现在它在家禽行业造成了相对较小的问题,因为全球农业生产中的几乎每只鸡都接种了该疾病的疫苗。”“如果你能为群体中的所有个体接种病毒疫苗,只要疫苗继续有效,病毒是否变得超级毒性并不重要。”

Read对未来的关注在于针对埃博拉、艾滋病毒、疟疾和禽流感等疾病的“下一代疫苗”,这些疾病不会产生强大的自然免疫力。他说:“如果下一代疫苗‘泄漏’,它们可能会推动病毒毒性更强的病毒株的进化。”“我们不希望致病病毒的进化因为使用不完美、泄漏的疫苗而变得像埃博拉病毒那样致命。我们的研究证明了这个可能性。”

Source: 病毒学:“泄漏”疫苗问题 | 金融时报
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002198

Early adopters of Chinese vaccines see case surges; China plows ahead anyway

广州到现在也没公布确诊病例中疫苗接种情况。

The dramatic ramp up comes at an awkward time, however. Early adopters of China’s vaccines have seen dramatic surges in COVID-19 cases—despite high vaccination rates—and are now backing away from the country’s offerings.

In Bahrain, for instance, officials are now offering high-risk people who have already received two doses of China’s Sinopharm vaccine a third vaccine dose—but one made by Pfizer-BioNTech. The apparent vote of no confidence by officials is striking: Bahrain was one of the first countries to back and rollout Sinopharm’s vaccine, and it has had a highly successful vaccination campaign. Nearly 58 percent of the Persian Gulf country has received at least one dose of a vaccine, and most of the vaccines given in Bahrain are from Sinopharm. But the country is now seeing its worst wave of COVID-19 yet and the government has recently issued a two-week lockdown to try to get transmission under control.

The Seychelles went through a similar struggle. The archipelago saw a dramatic spike in cases in mid-May, despite having around 70 percent of its population vaccinated with at least one dose. Like Bahrain, the Seychelles had largely relied on the Sinopharm vaccine.

Dubai, which has also relied on Sinopharm’s vaccine, is now quietly offering residents who have been fully vaccinated with the Sinopharm vaccine the opportunity to get re-vaccinated with the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, according to The Wall Street Journal.

Source: Early adopters of Chinese vaccines see case surges; China plows ahead anyway | Ars Technica

科兴控股新冠疫苗在巴西后期试验中的有效性调降至50.4%

这就尴尬了。

中国通过向发展中国家提供新冠疫苗来提升形象的行动遭遇重大障碍,此前在巴西进行的后期试验中,一种主要候选疫苗的有效性仅为50%,远低于早期结果。

虽然科兴控股生物技术有限公司(Sinovac Biotech Ltd., SVA)的CoronaVac疫苗有效性依然达到了世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, 简称WHO)认为足以广泛使用的50%门槛,但科学家表示,数据缺乏透明度可能会损害疫苗可信度,巴西人和全球其他国家已对接种该疫苗感到犹豫。

Source: 科兴控股新冠疫苗在巴西后期试验中的有效性调降至50.4% – 华尔街日报

Massive cryptocurrency botnet used leaked NSA exploits weeks before WCry 

在WCry之前,这个病毒就在利用这个相同的漏洞给宿主安装Adylkuzz挖矿软件,并且给宿主关掉漏洞端口以避免重复感染。客观上,这个病毒让宿主对WCry有了免疫。

也算是一种疫苗呢……

Symptoms of the attack include a loss of access to networked resources and system sluggishness. Kafeine said that some people who thought their systems were infected in the WannaCry outbreak were in fact hit by the Adylkuzz attack. The researcher went on to say this overlooked attack may have limited the spread of WannaCry by shutting down SMB networking to prevent the compromised machines from falling into the hands of competing botnets.

Source: Massive cryptocurrency botnet used leaked NSA exploits weeks before WCry | Ars Technica